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A model's quantitative framework consists of mathematical equations. Equation representations of processes, based on mass balance principles (water quality models), and on energy and momentum balances (hydrothermal/ hydrodynamic models), are widely available in the scientific and engineering literature. The magnitudes/rates of these processes are specified according to model coefficients. System-specific monitoring and experiments are conducted to independently specify coefficients. In some cases, these experiments may identify phenomena/processes that dictate alteration of the original conceptual representation of the system. Below is an example of a generic mass balance equation.
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